From a brain injury perspective, fasting can address the effects of the neurometabolic cascade. Oxidative stress, inflammation, energy crisis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and glutamate toxicity can all benefit from intermittent or long-term fasting periods.

After a brain injury, whether from physical trauma or environmental toxins, it is common to experience anxiety, depression, loneliness, and isolation.

Choline or Citicoline (CDP-choline) is a nootropic sodium salt. It participates in synthesis of phosphatidylcholine.